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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-08-28
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RELIGION, Page 62Drawing the Line on Dissent
No more attacks on official teaching, the Pope tells scholars
Since the beginning of his papacy in 1978, John Paul II has
worried about the disintegration of his church's unified front
on doctrines and moral teachings. Catholic scholars were not
only squabbling about birth control, they were publicly
challenging everything from divorce to the Virgin Birth to
papal powers. The campaign to clamp down on dissent has since
become a hallmark of John Paul's reign. Last week the Vatican
hardened that effort, issuing a decree notifying Catholic
scholars that and most sweeping pronouncement Rome has made in
modern times on the limits of intellectual freedom in the Roman
Catholic Church.
The 28-page Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of the
Theologian was issued with John Paul's endorsement by the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, headed by the
Pope's righthand man, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger. The Cardinal
presented the text at a two-hour press conference, an ironic
setting since the document demands that dissenting theologians
"avoid turning to the `mass media'" to air their views.
Instead, dissidents are urged to raise their doubts with the
hierarchy in private. Those who cannot resolve their differences
should "suffer for the truth in silence and prayer," or face
"serious measures," including removal from their teaching
posts.
Ratzinger stiffened when a reporter asked about the Rev.
Bernard Haring, a liberal theologian who has criticized the
Vatican's crackdown on dissent. Bristled the Cardinal about his
fellow West German: "Father Haring's statement that the methods
of Hitler were better than ours seems to me to show a lack of
balanced judgment." The exchange revealed Rome's sensitivity
to charges that its tactics smack of 20th century
totalitarianism or medieval inquisitions.
The decree strives valiantly -- if not wholly convincingly
-- to meet that objection. Theologians decide of their own free
will to teach in the name of the church, Rome reasons. Once
they have done so, their right of individual conscience is
overcome by "the right of the People of God to receive the
message of the Church in its purity and integrity and not to
be disturbed" by heterodox opinions. Open opposition by
scholars has done the church "serious harm," the text asserts.
The decree, in the works for more than six years, comes in
the wake of harsh challenges from Catholic dissidents. Early
last year, 163 German-speaking theologians issued a manifesto
attacking the Pope's conservative appointments and hard line
on doctrine. It inspired similar protests by scholars across
Western Europe.
Several passages of the new document aim squarely at an
argument made by Father Charles Curran, who in 1986 was
forbidden to teach moral theology at the Catholic University
of America. Curran contended that his writings on birth
control, abortion and homosexuality were proper. Reason: he did
not question any teachings that the church considers infallible
-- formally defined by the Pope or hierarchy and absolutely
certain. The Instruction replies that theologians must give
"religious submission of will and intellect" even to teachings
not explicitly defined as infallible (for example, the ban on
women priests). Rome insists that all church teaching has
validity "by virtue of divine assistance."
The chairman of the U.S. bishops' committee on doctrine,
Alabama Archbishop Oscar Lipscomb, dutifully welcomed the
Vatican thunderbolt as "a positive contribution to the
discussion" on the relation between theologians and the
hierarchy. Lipscomb did not point out that the U.S. bishops'
1989 policy statement on the problem took a far more tolerant
tack toward troublesome theologians.
As Rome anticipated, its new text met immediate scorn from
Catholic academics. Snapped the Rev. Richard McBrien, outspoken
chairman of theology at the University of Notre Dame: "This is
redolent of another era. It's like an outbreak of polio; we
thought we had it conquered. This document comes out of the
church of the 1940s and 1950s. The document is not a surprise;
it's an embarrassment."
What practical impact will the decree have? Along with
church law and a 1989 loyalty oath, it provides ammunition
against upstart scholars. A gloomy Father Curran fears that
"this document will have the same negative effects" as the 1907
papal decree against Modernism. That earlier crackdown, he
contends, vitiated U.S. Catholic scholarship for decades. But
for that to happen again, local bishops would have to take
unpopular steps toward dismissing errant theologians. While the
Pope has appointed more conservatives to the hierarchy, it is
questionable that many Western bishops are willing to embark
on an ideological housecleaning.
By Richard N. Ostling. Reported by Michael P. Harris/New York
and Robert Moynihan/Rome.